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Daniel Ballard Presents- Making Alloy

STEEL MAKING

Steel-making is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required.

Older processes

Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania was one of the world's largest manufacturers of steel before its 2003 closure.

The earliest means of producing steel was in a bloomery. Early modern methods of producing steel were often labor-intensive and highly skilled arts. See:

• finery forge, in which the German finery process could be managed to produce steel.
• blister steel and crucible steel.

An important aspect of the industrial revolution was the development of large-scale methods of producing forge-able metal (bar iron or steel). The puddling furnace was initially a means of producing wrought iron, but was later applied to steel production.
The real revolution in steel-making only began at the end of the 1850s. The Bessemer process was the first successful method of steel-making in quantity, followed by the open hearth furnace.

Modern processes

Modern steel-making processes are broken into two categories: primary and secondary steelmaking. Primary steel-making uses mostly new iron as the feedstock, usually from a blast furnace. Secondary steel-making uses scrap steel as the primary raw material. Gases created during the production of steel can be used as a source of power.^[1]

Primary steel-making

Main article: Basic oxygen steel making

Basic oxygen steel making is a method of primary steel making in which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made into steel. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the carbon content of the alloy and changes it into low-carbon steel. The process is known as basic due to the pH of the refractories—calcium oxide and magnesium oxide—that line the vessel to withstand the high temperature of molten metal.
The process was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by Austrian VOEST and ÖAMG. The LD converter, named after the Austrian towns Linz and Donawitz (a district of Leoben) is a refined version of the Bessemer converter where blowing of air is replaced with blowing oxygen. It reduced capital cost of the plants, time of smelting, and increased labor productivity. Between 1920 and 2000, labor requirements in the industry decreased by a factor of 1,000, from more than 3 worker-hours per tonne to just 0.003. The vast majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced using the basic oxygen furnace; in 2000, it accounted for 60% of global steel output. Modern furnaces will take a charge of iron of up to 350 tons and convert it into steel in less than 40 minutes, compared to 10–12 hours in an open hearth furnace.

Secondary steel making

Main article: Electric arc furnace

Secondary steelmaking is most commonly performed in an electric arc furnace.

HIsarna steel making

Main article: HIsarna steel making process

The HIsarna steel making process is a process for primary steel making in which iron ore is processed almost directly into steel. The process is based around a new type of blast furnace called a Cyclone Converter Furnace, which makes it possible to skip the process of manufacturing pig iron pellets that is necessary for the basic oxygen steel making process. Without the necessity for this preparatory step the HIsarna process is more energy-efficient and has a lower carbon footprint than traditional steel making processes.

MAKING STEEL.

First Cast Iron Pour Event to launch Metal Monkeys

Rapid Castings: Rapid Prototypes for Metal Casting Processes

Acculine China sheet metal deep drawing production partly

Precision Metal Stamping in the US Fab Shop

Which is Better, a 2 Stroke or 4 Stroke Engine? Every website you look at regarding 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines seems to make a list comparing the pros and cons of each engine. But is such a list really fair or just a comparison between a cheaply made 2 stroke and an expensive 4 stroke that has had lots of time and research put into it? How the Engines Work "Stroke" refers to the movement of the piston in the engine. 2 Stroke means one stroke in each direction. A 2 stoke engine will have a compression stroke followed by an explosion of the compressed fuel. On the return stroke new fuel mixture is inserted into the cylinder. A 4 stroke engine has 1 compression stroke and 1 exhaust stoke. Each is followed by a return stroke. The compression stroke compresses the fuel air mixture prior to the gas explosion. The exhaust stroke simply pushes the burnt gases out the exhaust. A 4 stroke engine usually has a distributor that supplies a spark to the cylinder only when its piston is near TDC (top dead center) on the fuel compression stroke, ie. one spark every two turns of the crank shaft. Some 4 stroke engines do away with the distributor and make sparks every turn of the crank. This means a spark happens in a cylinder that just has burnt gasses in it which just means the spark-plug wears out faster. Animated picture goodness showing examples of these engines can be found at carbibles.com. A Common List of Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of 2 Stroke Engines: - Two-stroke engines do not have valves, simplifying their construction. - Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution (four-stroke engines fire once every other revolution). This gives two-stroke engines a significant power boost. - Two-stroke engines are lighter, and cost less to manufacture. - Two-stroke engines have the potential for about twice the power in the same size because there are twice as many power strokes per revolution. Disadvantages of 2 Stroke Engines: - Two-stroke engines don't live as long as four-stroke engines. The lack of a dedicated lubrication system means that the parts of a two-stroke engine wear-out faster. Two-stroke engines require a mix of oil in with the gas to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod and cylinder walls. - Two-stroke oil can be expensive. Mixing ratio is about 4 ounces per gallon of gas: burning about a gallon of oil every 1,000 miles. - Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, yielding fewer miles per gallon. - Two-stroke engines produce more pollution. From: -- The combustion of the oil in the gas. The oil makes all two-stroke engines smoky to some extent, and a badly worn two-stroke engine can emit more oily smoke. -- Each time a new mix of air/fuel is loaded into the combustion chamber, part of it leaks out through the exhaust port. Clearing the Air Michael Harrison from the Deep-science BIGENZ team has this to say: Most of what is written on advantages and disadvantages of 2 strokes Vs 4 strokes is not actually correct. Take for example the lubrication issue of 2 stroke engines, sure small chainsaw engines may have the oil mixed with the fuel but this is not a direct result of the engine being a 2 stroke, this is just a result of someone designing a very simple engine. look at any large Caterpillar, or Detroit 2 stroke they have conventional oil sumps, oil pumps and full pressure fed lubrication systems and they are 2 stroke! Also, the argument about valves of 4 strokes versus the reeds and ports of 2 strokes is also incorrect. Sure some simple 2 strokes may use very primitive systems to achieve the control of fuel/air mixture into the engine and exhaust out of the engine but again this is not a function of them being 2 stroke! I've worked on 2 stroke engines that feature poppet valves in the head (like a standard 4 stroke) - but they are definitely 2 stroke - it's just that engines like this are not so much in the public eye - next time an ocean liner (ship) pulls into port check out its 2 stroke, turbo charged, direct injected diesel engine! Finally, the arguments of simplicity, weight, power to weight, and cost of manufacturing are not a function as such of 2 stroke versus 4 stroke engines. The mistake of most of these commentaries is that they are comparing a simple chainsaw 2 stroke engine with a complex 4 stroke engine from a automobile - not a very fair comparison. As far as the exhaust emissions of 2 strokes - check out the Surrich/Orbital 2 stroke design that Mercury outboards are using - this is as clean burning as any 4 stroke. The ONLY correct comparison of 2 strokes with 4 strokes is that a 2 stroke can (in theory) produce twice the power of a 4 stroke for the same sized engine and the same revs. That Crazy Snowmobiles Episode Animation On the highly venerated and awesome TV show, Scrapheap Challenge, at least one episode showed an animation that compared the operation of 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines. Unfortunately it looks like the animator didn't quite understand what was going on and ended up showing the same 2 stroke animation for both except that the 2 stroke animation was played twice as fast. One response defending the animation suggested it was because "that particular 4 stroke engine does fire the spark plug once every revolution." Michael, however, dismisses that idea saying, "As for the diagram [in the Snowmobiles episode of Scrapheap Challenge] - sure small 4 stroke engines do tend to 'waste fire' the spark plug at the end of the exhaust stroke but this would not cause an explosion as depicted in the diagrams, but again here the idea of 'waste firing' has nothing to do with the 4 stroke cycle, rather it is a result of the simple design of a lawnmower motor. The diagrams should depict the inherent differences of a 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine. Hence one should show a firing every revolution and the other a firing every 2 revolutions." So Which is Better? At the end of the day the winner is probably going to be the one that has had more money and technology spent on it. In these days of quick and cheap international production schedules you can't take it for granted that the 4 stroke will be better. So for your particular application, line up the options and make a decision based on what's available, not based on lists that miss the key points of difference.

YAMAHA MOTORCYCLES NAMES AND CC(S).

YAMAHA MOTORCYCLES
MODEL		CAPACITY
Yamaha FZ1		998 CC
Yamaha YBR 110		110 CC
Yamaha YZF-R1 2010		-
Yamaha VMAX 2009		1679CC
Yamaha Fazer		153CC
Yamaha FZS		150 CC
Rajdoot Excel-T		173 CC
Yamaha RXZ		132 CC
Rajdoot Deluxe		173 CC
Rajdoot Standard		173 CC
Yamaha Enticer		123.7 CC
Yamaha Escorts Ace		173 CC
Yamaha RX 135		132 CC
Yamaha Gladiator Gladiator Std Gladiator DX		123.7 CC
Yamaha Libero G5		106 CC
Yamaha Crux		106 CC
Yamaha Gladiator Type JA		123.7 CC
Yamaha Alba 106		106 CC
Yamaha YZF R1		1000 CC
Yamaha MT 01		1670 CC
Yamaha YZF-R15		150 CC
Yamaha FZ 16		150 CC

YAMAHA SCOOTERETTES/MOPEDS
MODEL		CAPACITY
Toro Rosa		100 CC
Toro Jazz		109.7 CC

YAMAHA AWAITED
MODEL		CAPACITY
Yamaha YZF R125		124.66cc
Yamaha Yzf R6		599cc
Yamaha FZ1 Fazer		998 CC
Yamaha TZ R50
Yamaha R6		600 CC
Yamaha Jog		50 CC
Yamaha Jog R		50 CC
Yamaha Jog RR		50 CC
Yamaha Majesty 125		125 CC
Yamaha SZ-X Disc		153 CC
Yamaha YBX 125		125 CC
Yamaha SZ and SZ-X		150 CC

YAMAHA AWAITED SCOOTERETTES/MOPEDS
MODEL		CAPACITY
Yamaha X-Max 125		124.7 CC
Yamaha X-City 250		250 CC
Yamaha BW's 125		125 CC
Yamaha Mio		113.7 CC
Yamaha Mio Soul		113 CC
Yamaha Nouvo Z		125-135 CC

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